The growth of growing pigs
1.1 Weight gain
The growth rate of growing-finishing pigs increases first, reaches the maximum growth rate and then decreases, and the turning point corresponds to the slaughter period of finishing pigs. Therefore, during the growth period before the 60 to 70 kg of finishing pigs, diets with high nutrient levels should be given, and attention should be paid to the supply of minerals and amino acids to promote the rapid development of bones and muscles.
1.2 Growth of body tissues
In general, growth and finishing pigs are at the peak of bone growth from 20 to 30 kg, 60 to 70 kg at the peak of muscle growth, and 90 to 110 kg are at the peak of fat accumulation. Therefore, fattening pigs in the 60 ~ 70kg, should be properly limited feeding, in particular, control the proportion of energy feed in the diet in order to control excessive body fat, increase body lean meat.
1.3 Changes in chemical composition
(1) When the finishing pigs are young, their relative contents of water, protein and minerals are relatively high, and they decrease with age.
(2) The body fat content of young pigs is relatively low and rapidly increases afterwards.
Therefore, when the fat pig reaches 90~100kg, it can be sold or slaughtered.
2 Nutritional needs of growing pigs
The economic benefits of growing and finishing pigs are mainly reflected by growth rate, feed utilization rate and lean meat percentage. Therefore, a reasonable diet should be formulated according to the nutritional needs of growing and finishing pigs in order to maximize the lean meat percentage and meat quality. ratio. Animals eat for energy. Under normal circumstances, the more energy a pig consumes on a daily basis, the faster the daily weight gain, the higher the feed utilization rate, and the more deposited fat. However, at this time, the lean meat rate decreased and the carcass quality deteriorated. The need for protein is more complex. In order to achieve the best fattening effect, not only the need for protein quality, but also the balance and utilization of amino acids must be considered. High energy results in reduced carcass quality, and proper protein can improve carcass quality, which requires a diet with an appropriate energy to protein ratio.
3 Main technical measures to increase productivity
3.1 Selecting Good Varieties and Suitable Hybrid Combinations
With lean-type pig breeds hybridized with local elite breeds in China, their offsprings gained more weight, materials, and leaner meat. The use of three-element hybrid pigs for fattening is better than for binary hybrids.
3.2 Raise piglet birth weight and weaning weight
As the saying goes: “The difference in birth is 50g, the weaning difference is 0.5kg, and the fattening difference is 5kg.” Explaining that the bigger the piglet’s initial weight, the stronger the viability, the faster the growth rate and the greater the weaning weight. The larger the weight, the rapid growth, and the good fattening effect.
3.3 Appropriate dietary levels In the practice of growing-finishing pigs, high-energy, high-protein feeds are used, and feeding is not limited. The effect is good. A limited amount of feeding at the late stage of fattening can limit excessive fat deposition. Crude fiber content is the main factor that affects the palatability and digestibility of diets. If the dietary crude fiber content is too low, the pigs will be diarrhea or constipation. If the content is too high, the palatability is poor, and the digestibility of weight gain and nutrients is severely reduced. Fiber content is generally 4% to 5%.
4. Scientific feeding and management methods
Pig rearing pigs are the last link in pig production. Their tasks are: Adopting advanced feeding and management measures, striving for short feeding time, low material consumption, and access to a large quantity of pork with high lean meat quality and good quality. The market needs, so that pig farmers get better economic benefits. Compared with traditional pigs, the benefits of fast pigs are self-evident, but fast pigs can not violate the normal growth and development of pigs, if you use hormones, sedative drugs and other growth promoters for fattening, will bring serious harm. The danger is that the pig is too precocious and the meat is not fragrant. It looks like flowers and it tastes like wood dregs. The second danger is that it may cause excessive drug residues in livestock products and affect human health. Therefore, the country is currently growing. The use of Accelerators is strictly regulated, or completely prohibited. Pig breeders are the key pig breeders. Feed is the basis, and scientific feeding technology is the guarantee. The three supplement each other. This not only shortens the fattening period, but also ensures that the meat quality is good, enabling the company to achieve greater development in the competition.
4.1 Diet Mixing Diversification Pigs need various nutrients for their growth. A single diet is often incomplete and cannot meet the requirements for growth and development of pigs. A variety of feed combinations can use the complementary functions of proteins and other nutrients to increase the digestibility and utilization of nutrients such as proteins. Studies have shown that a single corn feed has a protein utilization rate of 51% and a single meat and bone meal of 41%. If two corns are added together with a bone meal of meat and bone, the protein utilization rate can be increased to 61%.
4.2 Live feeds Feeds are normally fed well, and corn, sorghum, wheat and other grain feeds and their processing by-products are used. Raw foods have high nutritional value. If cooked and fed, their nutritional value is reduced by 10%, especially when vitamins are severely damaged. .
All kinds of green and juicy feedstuffs should not be cooked. They can be chopped or beaten to replace some of the water. This will destroy vitamins, and improper handling will also cause nitrite poisoning. Of course, some feeds should be cooked, such as soybeans, bean cakes, bean dregs, vegetables, dried to detoxification after cooking or frying, pumpkin, sweet potatoes, artichokes should also be fed, is conducive to the digestion of pigs.
4.3 Feeding Methods If you want to pursue daily weight gain, you should use free food intake. If you are pursuing more lean meat and less fat, it is better to limit feeding.
4.4 "triangulation"
Raising pigs should regulate the pigs, so that the places where pigs eat, sleep and excrete are fixed in three places within the circle to form a “triangulation” habit. This brings great convenience to management.
4.5 Ambient Temperature and Management
Appropriate ambient temperature for growing pigs is 16-23C. The early period is 20~23C, and the later period is 16~20C. In this range, the pigs have the fastest weight gain and the highest feed conversion rate. When the ambient temperature is too low, pigs consume a lot of energy to produce heat to maintain body temperature, which leads to a decrease in daily gain and an increase in feed intake, which reduces the feed conversion rate. When the ambient temperature is too high, the pig has to expel the heat in order to dissipate body heat, the metabolism is affected, the appetite decreases, the food intake decreases, and the productivity decreases. Under the high temperature of 28~35C, the daily gain of growing pigs of 15~30kg, 30~60kg and 60~90kg decreased by 6.8%, 20% and 28% respectively compared with that on the normal day. In summer, it is necessary to prevent the pigs from being exposed to the sun and maintain ventilation. Diligently rushed to the house and gave the pig a shower, and then fed more cold water and green and green quality feed to do its best to prevent heatstroke and reduce temperature. Pay attention to mosquito and fly control.
In summer, honeysuckle rattan, plantain, Prunella vulgaris, light bamboo leaves and four flavors of Jianshui, so that pigs can drink, can prevent heatstroke, reduce inflammation, enhance immunity.
4.6 feed form
A large number of experiments at home and abroad have proved that pelleted feed is superior to powdered ones, pellets are convenient for feeding, have little loss, are not easy to mold, and the palatability of pigs is strong, and can increase the digestibility of nutrients. For the powder, the wet feeding palatability is good for the pig. Generally, the ratio of water to water is 1:0.8-1:1.5, but should be fed now to avoid spoilage and acidification, especially in summer. Dilution of feed due to excessive water in the diet will dilute the digestive juice, reduce the activity of various digestive enzymes, affect the digestion and absorption of feed, but also affect the nutritional transformation.
4.7 Clustering Technology
(1) Piglets that are transferred or purchased should be grouped according to cross combination, body weight, and physical strength so that they form a good group order, prevent the capture of weak food, facilitate feeding and management, and make pigs grow faster and more evenly. neat.
(2) The principle of group separation is “weakness does not stay strong”, “remove more without demolition and less,” “it does not mix with the night,” and the number of pigs per group should not be too much. Otherwise, it is easy to increase the conflict between pigs, the living environment of the pigs will be deteriorated, and the pigs' feeding and rest will be affected, which will affect the weight gain.
(3) Feeding in a fixed circle, each group is suitable for 10 to 20 heads; intensive rearing of house excrement and urine excrement in the house is suitable for each group with 40 to 50 heads.
(4) Pay attention to the floor area of each pig. The large floor area of each pig is not conducive to increasing the utilization rate of the laps. Too small a pig can make the environment less sympathetic, leading to abnormal behavior of pigs, increased biting, and decreased growth rate and feed utilization rate. Generally 3-4 months old, weight 30~40kg, each pig covers an area of 0.6m2; 4-5 months of age, weight of 50~60kg covers an area of 0.8m2; 6-7 months of age, weight of 70~100kg covers an area of 1m2 .
4.8 Shelter hygiene and light hygiene have a certain influence on the growth and health of pigs. Therefore, the pig house should be clean and dry, fresh air, daily cleaning of contaminated grass and feces, and regular disinfection of the pig house. The light in the fattening pig house can be dull, as long as it is convenient for pigs to feed and feed, so that the pig can be fully rested.
In addition, pig farming must have a quiet environment. Noise can adversely affect pigs' rest, feeding, and weight gain. Noise can increase the pig's activity and affect weight gain. It can also cause panic and reduce appetite.
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